When the perpetrators of Auschwitz were tried in Frankfurt

National Socialism - When the perpetrators of Auschwitz were tried in Frankfurt

After the Second World War, Robert Mulka, deputy to Auschwitz camp commander Rudolf Höß, slipped almost seamlessly back into a bourgeois life. He spent a short time in prison, after which the former SS-Hauptsturmführer was considered "de-Nazified".

By 1948, he was already working as an independent businessman in Hamburg and had become wealthy. "Like the other defendants in the later Auschwitz trial, he probably no longer feared any consequences," reports Sybille Steinbacher, Director of the Fritz Bauer Institute in Frankfurt am Main.

But more than 18 years after the end of the war in 1945, his past caught up with him. On December 20, 1963 - 60 years ago on Wednesday - the first Auschwitz trial began in Frankfurt's Römer. Mulka and 22 other men were on trial.

The largest and longest murder trial to date

This was the largest and longest murder trial in German legal history up to that point, explains Steinbacher. "It provided the decisive impetus for the political and social confrontation with the Nazi era." In the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp, the National Socialists murdered at least 1.1 million people, mostly Jewish prisoners. They died in the gas chambers or as a result of forced labor, hunger, disease and abuse.

The trials were initiated by Frankfurt public prosecutor Fritz Bauer, who later gave his name to the research institute. The investigations into the trial lasted five years and the indictment against 24 men ran to exactly 700 pages. Until then, all the accused had lived inconspicuously in the middle of bourgeois society, as can be seen from the book "Auschwitz in Court".

Wilhelm Boger, for example, who had beaten prisoners to death in Auschwitz, worked as a commercial clerk until his arrest. The nurse Oswald Kaduk was considered one of the cruelest SS men in Auschwitz. The pharmacist Victor Capesius had determined which of the new prisoners were still able to work and who had to die immediately in the gas chamber.

Steinmeier described Bauer as a "key figure"

"Fritz Bauer's aim had been to represent a cross-section of the entire camp among the defendants," recalls one of the prosecutors in the trial at the time, Gerhard Wiese, now 95 years old. Bauer, who has since been much honored, was the Hessian Attorney General at the time. Without the commitment of this Jew, who was persecuted during the Nazi era, the Auschwitz trial in Frankfurt would not have taken place. A few years ago, Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier described Bauer as a "key figure" of the young Federal Republic of Germany. With the Auschwitz trial, he had set a "milestone" and thus made the country's return to the international community possible.

Over 200 Auschwitz survivors testified in the historic trial, and the proceedings met with great interest among the German population. "Over 20,000 visitors came during the 183 days of the trial and it was widely reported in the newspapers," says Steinbacher. None of the defendants could deny that they had been in Auschwitz. But they denied responsibility or even guilt. They had only followed orders, the prosecution said. Bauer said after the trial in a panel discussion that not a "human word" had been spoken by the defendants.

One problem for the prosecutors at the trial was the legal principle that applied until the 2010s that the accused must be proven to have committed a specific crime. It was not enough for a conviction, at least for aiding and abetting, if he had been part of the killing machinery. And so, at the end of the Auschwitz trial in August 1965, three acquittals were announced. Only six of the defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment for murder, including Boger and Kaduk. Mulka and Capesius received multi-year prison sentences for aiding and abetting.